Иностранный язык

... эффективность обучения, но и стимулировать учащихся к дальнейшему самостоятельному изучению английского языка, что и было доказано в ходе эксперимента. Таким образом согласно итогам нашего исследования, использование новых информационных технологий, в частности, компьютера в условиях сельской школы ...

... их использования с другими коллегами, вести какой-то график или запись во избежание неприятных срывов и накладок. Безусловно, использование видео на уроке иностранного языка и во внеурочной деятельности открывает ряд уникальных возможностей для учителя и учащихся в плане овладения иноязычной ...

... 2…. ….. Partizip 2. Ьbersetzung ins Russische . 1…. 2…. ….. Проектная деятельность учащихся на факультативных уроках немецкого языка. Темы учебника Deutsch, Kontakte 10-11 G.I. Woronina I.W Karelina Библейская притча в упрощлнном виде ...

... a little longerhad better do smth. would rather do smth. 5. Why not come and talk to her?Why not do smth. III. Функции инфинитива: 1. Подлежащее ( что делать? ): To live is to struggle Жить - значит бороться 2. Именная часть составного сказуемого: сущ+to be+инфинитив His dream was to leave the ...

son. Jefferson April 30, 1789 was Inauguration Day for the young nation's first President. An inauguration is the ceremony that puts someone office. Washington did not want to be President. He wanted to live at his beautiful home Mount Vernon. But he put his love for his country ahead of his own ...

... они захотят, то они смогут переселиться в Германию. Проблематика права на убежище. Продолжающийся в течение многих лет массивный непрерывный приток иностранцев в Германию, прибывающих под предлогом поиска политического убежища, привёл к тому, что во многих странах мира создалось впечатление, что ...

... показать читателю эк­зотическую красоту американской природы через географические названия коренных жителей. Использованные географические реалии в произведении Лонгфелло «Песнь о Гайавате» отобража­ют: - названия территорий, областей, районов, островов - названия рек и гор - характеристику ...

... имени обычно содержится информация о локальной и национальной принадлежности обозначаемого им объекта. Транскрибированные имена собственные наряду с остальными реалиями являются теми немногими элементами перевода, которые сохраняют определенное национальное своеобразие в своей словесной звуковой ...

tendency is not difficult to perceive in the works of such artists of the late nineteenth — early twentieth centuries as Ruble, Servo and K. Korovin. It was characteristic of the members of the World of Art and the Blue Rose associations, but most strongly developed in the work of artists of the ...

... быстрее справится с заданием и составит предложения без ошибок. Среди различных видов игр особое место занимает ролевая игра.   Ролевая игра. Ролевые игры в обучении иностранным языкам. Как известно, большое значение в организации учебного процесса играет мотивация учения. Она ...

The old factories came have gone now and the workers have to look for jobs in the new “high-tech” industries. Outside the towns, much of this part of England is beautiful countryside, with green hills, lakes and sandy beaches. Fishing is still a big industry in the North East, and every night ( ...

... питания: обои, облучок, обложка, голубцы, кулебяка; наименования отвлеченных понятий: итог, обман, обиняк, опыт и мн. др. II. Заимствованные слова в русском языке Русский народ с древних времен вступал в культурные, торговые, военные, политические связи с другими государствами, что не могло не ...

ocuments, in which the different circumstances of his life are mentioned. Each of these documents, even if in it some words about Shakespeare, are investigated and is interpreted. As rare historical values those are considered few клочки of a paper, on which the dramatist’s hand writes some lines ...

... rule of St.Benedict. But the greatest and most prolific writer of this period was his pupil Aelfric. This abbot followed Alfred’s example in writing native English prose. His chief works are his Homilies, a series of sermons, and The Lives of Saints. Although much of his writing is a compilation or ...

... know something from somebody” – “узнать что-то от кого-то”. · В данной главе автор предпринял попытку сопоставить структурные и семантические типы дополнений в английском и русском языках, что помогло выявить следующее: 1)    английскому прямому дополнению, находящемуся только в ...

... : www.royal.gov.uk. 4.   Сайт, посвященный истрии королевских династий мира: www.royalty.nu. EXTRACT «The house of Tudor» INTRODUCTION. I decided to write this essay, because, I am really interested in English history. The five sovereigns of ...

re ever threatened his basic integrity. ANCESTORS: Through his paternal grandmother, Mildred Warner Washington, he descended from King Edward III (1312-1377) of England. His great-great-grandfather the Reverend Lawrence Washington (c. 1602-1653) served as rector of All Saints, Purleigh Parish, ...

амні засоби інтенсифікації. 1. Визначення мовних функцій реклами. Природа єкспресивності мови реклами вимагає розгляду деякого кола проблем, зв'язаних з типом комунікації, що умовно названий рекламною комунікацією, в частковості, проблеми визначення функцій мови реклами. В результаті огляду рі ...

r smth. - приговорить к сроку заключения 19.Perjury - ложное показание 20.To waste time - тратить время 21.To arise interest - вызвать интерес 22.Cross examination - перекрестный допрос 23.To contradict oneself -противоречить к-л. 24.Fabrication - фальшивка 25.To be in love with smb. - быть ...

... of shells) in colonial Amer­ica, tea pressed into small cakes in Russia, and dates in North Africa. Whatever serves as a medium of exchange is called money, no matter what it is, no matter how it first came to serve as a medium of exchange, and no matter why it continues to serve this function. So ...

... puis son adresse dans la succession suivante: a de la maison, la rue, a du département, la ville avec l'instruction de la circonscription, le pays. Le texte de la lettre doit etre lu facilement, c'est pourquoi il est nécessaire de le casser pour les paragraphes, chacun de qui doit ...

... или наречием. [Левицкая, Фитерман, цит. раб., 20] Она была по-настоящему красива She was a real beauty При устном переводе с русского языка на английский немалую трудность представляют собой замены отглагольного существительного глаголом, и наоборот – глагола отглагольным ...

... говорил в жизни. 3)   Особенности употребления вспомогательного глагола "do".   Некоторые грамматические особенности языка Шекспира связаны с употреблением глагола "do" как вспомогательного, так как с XV века глагол "do" начинает использоваться как ...

... (few, little) milk in the bottle. 10.  He didn`t have (many, much) luggage. III. Переведите на английский язык , обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык модальных глаголов. Вы можете забронировать номер в гостинице ? Мы можем оплатить в долларах или в фунтах ...

nderground everywhere away indoors upstairs nowhere downstairs outdoors ~ somewhere downwards there anywhere Sheila was here a moment ago. Can’t you go upstairs and turn the bedroom light off? Note that a few noun groups can also be used as adverbials of place ...

... qn, de faire qch désirer faire qch oser faire qch jouer à, de Liste des verbes par ordre alphabétique   accuser qn Ù»Õ³¹& ...

... формы будущего времени в английском языке выражают объективное время и не связываются с модальным оттенком. Нередко говорят о гораздо большем числе «времен» в современном английском языке. А.П.Смирницкий считает, что это многообразие основывается благодаря тому, что различие по имени настоящее – ...

... Indefinite and Future Indefinite 1. Утвердительная форма. I I shall/will have a car. You We He You She had a car. He It She will ...

... mind Be worth глаголами Получать удовольствие Оканчивать Не нравиться Продолжать Отказаться от Не могу выносить Не возражать Стоить Герундий и Begin (start) Like Hate Prefer Love Stop continue Инфинитив  Начинать Нравиться Ненависть Предпочитать ...

ising sharply in the south-east, include Slieve Donard, Northern Ireland’s highest peak (852 m, 2,796 ft).Environment of Scotland. Scotland’s countryside contains rich variety of wildlife, with some species not found elsewhere in Britain. There are 71 national nature reserves and ...

... communist principals as a bases of society. The Renaisense in England. The prideses of Shakespeare. The most brilliant period of English literature was in the second half of the 16’th and begining of 17’th centure.Sometimes it’s called & ...

ington Gardens, St. James Park. In the West End is Buckingham Palace, which is the Queen's Residence, and the Palace of Westminster the seat of Parliament. The best-known streets here are Whitehall with important Government offices, Downing Street, the London residence of Prime Minister and the ...

e this morning for a short while since the days of Adam & Eve "For" is used with the Past Simple when the period of time begins and ends in the past.  Complete these PRESENT PERFECT sentences using "for" or "since". 1. She's very tired. She hasn ...

... в управлении эмиссии, эта система значительно повысила ее безопасность. В 1976 году Вольво выпустило трехмиллионный автомобиль.   Система охлаждения.   Устройство. Система охлаждения двигателя – жидкостная, закрытого типа, с принудительной циркуляцией жидкости Для контроля ...

... должна предшествовать работа по снятию лексико-грамматических трудностей, которые возникают при чтении ориги­нальных газетных текстов. Правильному пониманию текста может препятствовать незнание политической обстановки, реалий страны, где произошло событие. Тут также необходимы пояснения учителя. ...

... контексте и находим ему русское соответствие, не совпадающее со словарным" (Рецкер 1974, с.38) В настоящее время существует множество классификаций переводческих трансформаций (далее ПТ) предложенных различными авторами. Рассмотрим некоторые из них. Л.К. Латышев (Латышев 1981 с.131-137) дает ...

érentes. Dans les cadres la traduction on étudie psychologique, literature, de parties ethnographiques et autres de l'activité de traducteur, ainsi que l'histoire de l'activité de traducteur dans n'importe quel pays ou les pays. En fonction de l'objet de l'étude « ...

... of values from foreign cultures would certainly complete the fruits of tradition and “bake” a more vibrant, modern and dynamic British identity. And precisely the main “ingredient” used to “bake” it is the people’s personality. Psychology recognizes that the individual’s identity is closely ...

... переносе в конце строки. В своей совокупности они составляют настолько сложную и всеобъемлющую программу преобразований в системе орфографии немецкого языка, что в случае ее одномоментного официального принятия возникает ситуация кризисного состояния, на преодоление которого потребуются долгие ...

... следующая проблема. Непонимание текстов лингвострановедческого характера ведет к снижению мотивации изучения иностранных языков. Этот эксперимент был проведен с целью доказательства того, что лингвострановедческий материал играет одну из главных ролей в формировании положительного отношения к ...

amily grows to include brother Doug and sister Julie. In Springfield Brad also worked for Colonel Day's Levi Emporium as a salesman. While he was studying in Kickapoo High School (1978-82) a tennis ace and basketball player for the Kickapoo High School Chiefs, Brad also participates in choir, ...

... , требующая вооружения и вложения денег в тяжелую промышленность. К 1937 году британская промышленность производила большую часть оружия, самолетов и военного оборудования при финансовой помощи Соединенных Штатов. В двадцатом веке монархия стала еще популярнее, чем прежде. Георг V, внук Виктории, в ...

Gedanke gehцrte noch Leonardo da Binci. Bionik. Voraussetzungen und Aufgaben. Die Aufgabe dieses neuen Wissenschaftszweiges besteht darin, biologische Systeme sowie die ihnen zurgrunde liegenden Prinzipien zu erforschen und zu prьfen, ob sich дhnliche Lцsungen in der Technik anwenden lassen. Die ...

sion. Restaurants worked, no, hospitals was a little, and around of city tents with a red cross have crowded. And everywhere ... Mendeleyev here knew nobody. Pies seem inaccessible. And the graduate of the capital institute who has arrived on consultation to find to itself put here, certainly, ...

ga oder Shaping. Sport kann man auf dem Sportplatz und in einer Turnhalle, auf der Eisbahn und im Hoftreiben. Es gibt viele Sportarten: Leichtathletik, Tennis, Eiskunstlauf, FuЯball, Eishockey, Schach, Sambo und andere. Nicht ьberall treibt man die gleichen Sportarten. Das hдngt von dem Klima, ...

... , решаемых в состоянии повышенного эмоционального настроя всей группы обучающихся)  Одним из наиболее распространенных вариантов такого подхода является методика интенсивного обучения иностранному языку, разработанная Г.А.Китайгородской. Главным критерием такой методики является активизация всех ...

... и наименее исследуемых тем в индийских занятиях(изучениях). Индийский вклад в Америку больше чем, часто верится. Сотни индийских слов в каждодневном американском английском языке включают "каноэ", "табак", "картофель", " мокасин *, " американский лось, " ...

... .our социальную и культурную жизнь из-класса, был хорошо-организован. Например, мы имели хор и литературный клуб. В школе мы имели классы(занятия) по-русски, литературу, математику, Английский язык, история и так далее. Мои любимые предметы были Английские, История и Русский. На Русском мы хорошо ...

d you choose your parents` professions? Have you decided what you want to be? What do you know about the advantages of your future profession? Do you think you will need English in your future career? 4.There are different ways of learning about the world: through the mass media, books, ...

ies. The first important period of English Painting was started by German visitor Hans Holbein the Younger lived in London between 1527 and 1543, and painted wonderful portraits of the rich and famous people. He had learned from Italian painters. Inspired by Holbein, a school of portrait painters ...

'summary justice' to people charged with less serious crimes (grave offences are dealt with at the Crown Court). 8 Crown Courts Crown Courts have existed only since 1972. When there is a jury, the judge's role is limited to deciding matters of law and summing-up to the jury. The jury decides ...

le attempting to find a north-west passage to Asia. Cabot died during the second attempt to find a direct route to Cathay in 1498. Althoughl Sebastian Cabot continued his father's explorations in the Hudson Bay region in 1508-1509, England's interest in the New World waned. However, Cabot's voyages ...

... ruido, apreciйis, salнa. Зав. кафедрой -------------------------------------------------- Экзаменационный билет по предмету ПКВЯз. ИСП. ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ФОНЕТИКА Билет № 23 Какой вид словесного ударения типичен для испанского языка (по сравнению с русским)? Какой тип ударения является ...

... of Enron Corporation, a giant supplier of energy resources in the Western part of the United States. The second step in setting up a business is the preparation of various documents, such as: Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association and Resolution of the founders on the appointment of ...

... that the Tower became the permanent home of the Crown Jewels and put on public display. The Crown Jewels are what most visitors to the Tower of London come to see. This incomparable collection of crowns, orbs, swords, sceptres and other regalia, and gold and silver plate was refashioned in 1661 ...

ian Federation, it elaborates and implements a uniform national monetary policy designed to protect the rouble and ensure its stability;- it is the only issuer of cash and the organiser of its circulation;- it is the creditor of last resort for credit organisations and organises the refinancing ...

... " неносителей английского языка Для того, чтобы установить наполняемость ассоциативного ряда со значением "home/дом", с позиции психолингвистики, проводится ассоциативный - психолингвистический эксперимент, в основе которого лежит метод свободных ассоциаций. Эксперимент проводится в ...

... the country? Мурманский Гуманитарный институт Экономический факультет Заочное отделение КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1. Дисциплина: Английский язык 2004 г. Контрольная работа № 1. Вариант № 1. I. 1. Great attention is paid to sport at English schools. ...

тику экономической нестабильности последних лет можно получить из анализа величины отклонений показателей средней заработной платы и отношения доходов к прожиточному минимуму. На Карте11 (см. Приложения) видно, что максимальной нестабильностью экономических условий жизни населения отличалась ...

... all his talents. Though there is a difference between our ages, we have much in common. He is among my best friends. By the way, my friend knows English rather well (he finished school #13). It helps him a lot as every year various foreign delegations come to their office. These delegations change ...

a plant. This type of co-operative is sometimes referred to as "phoenix co-operative". The Co-operative Development of producer co­operatives reported the existence of 911 producer co-operatives with around 20000 members in 1984. In some other countries of the EEC, such as France and ...

the proud present of a “hit” that swept the country – Swanee. His rise as one of the most successful composers for the Broadway stage was rapid. In 1924, he composed his first serious work in the jazz idiom, the historic “Rhapsody in Blue” the success of which made Gershwin famous throughout ...

;sungen handelsübliches Ethanol enthält knapp 96% und 4% Wasser daraus folgt durch Destillation hohere Konzentration nicht erzielbar, aber mit bestimmten Chemikalien kann man das Wasser entfernen und absoluten Alkohol herstellen früher Herstellung durch Gärung von Zucker ...

... , Alexander used it in political ends for a gain of sympathies at the population of cities of Asia Minor”. (Шофман А.С., «Восточная политика Александра Македонского», Москва, 1976, Издательство Казанского университета, p.52). Alexander believed that he must use antipersian type of war, that he must ...

anglienknotenpaare durch längs verlaufende Nervenstränge. Ein Teil der sympathischen Fasern zieht durch die Grenzstrangganglien hindurch und endet in den sogenannten terminalen Ganglien, dessen bekanntestes das Sonnengeflecht ist. Das Sonnengeflecht liegt in der Tiefe der Magengegend und ...

... the puzzling problems of whole systems that we have been discussing so far.  This answer is myth, because it is totally unsatisfactory to reasoning of intellectually curious person. Are ‘great’ managers fantastically high speed-data processors? Do great managerial minds outstrip any machinery now ...

... terminale). Ils se presenteront, en fin d’etudes, au baccalaureat. Apres le bac on entre dans la vie active ou on continue ses etudes. L’enseignement superieur en France est accesible apres le baccalaureat. Les universites accueillent tous les candidats ayant le bac sans fair de selection. Plus ...

iety, and a lot of students carry on research work in its numerous circles. All of us also take part in the public activities of the Academy. Almost all the out-of town students live in the hostel. At the end of each term we take credit tests and examinations. They are called terminals. All ...

... die Rolle Stillers hineinversetzen muß. II.        Zusammenspiel der Realitaeten   Der komplizierte Aufbau des Romans, die von Max Frisch gewaehlte Form des Tagebuchs und als Folge die offene Struktur des Romans haben dazu gefuehrt, dass der Text ...

... peacekeeping operations. There are currently 16 under way. Thirty-five peacekeeping operations were created by the Security Council in the years between 1988 — when UN peacekeeping operations were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize — and June 1998: …in Africa In Angola, UN mediation led to the 1994 ...

... in Byelorussian literature may be determined from the words of Yakub Kolas, his distinguished contemporary; "Differences in genre notwithstanding, the creations of Yanka Kupala seem to me as a single book, even as one song glorifying the work of the people. "Half of this song is angry ...

... английского языка. М. 1960. 14. Жирмунская, М. Л. Словообразовательные потенции прилагательных цветообозначения в современных германских языках. М., 1982. 15. Иванова, И. П. Христоматия по истории английского языка. Л. 1973. 16. Каращук, П. Словообразование английского языка. М. 1977. 17. ...

... grammar school. There he studied English, Latin, and Greek. Actors often came to Stratford-upon-Avon. S. often admired their performances. When William Shakespeare was 18, he married Ann Heathaway. He had three children: Susan and twins Judith and Hamlet. After some years Shakespeare had to go to ...

... , and Much Ado About Nothing was printed from "foul papers"; As You Like It did not appear in print until it was included in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories & Tragedies, published in folio (the reference is to the size of page) by a syndicate in 1623 (later editions ...

... foreign invaders. The problems in Russia are immese, but Russia will be able to cope with all its problems and will rise again as a great power on the world stage. Russia’s population, the crux of Russian reform, of 148 million is shrinking annually by 0.7 percent. Ethnic Russians form 82 percent ...

know foreign languages. I learn English, because I understand that I can use it. For example, if I do to England I’ll be able to speak English too. English is used not only in England, but also in other countries. I learn English because I want to read foreign literature in the original. I know ...

... nbsp; Abstract This paper is about the classification of computer viruses. Firstly, the paper tells what a computer virus is, what viruses can do and what they can’t do. Then there are basic ways of classification: a place of situation, used operation system and work algorithms. In conclusion ...

... ) -      ownership (the copyright problem is a very big one) -      privacy and security What is Popular With E-Commerce? Here you can see a list of products most popular with B2C e-commerce in Austria. There were about 700.000 people who ...

... member John Cale; he accompanied her on a track from her solo album Black Mountains Revisited (a MOJO folk album of 99). 6. The renaissance of Welsh traditional music Manic Street Preachers, Catatonia and even Tom Jones assure Welsh people that their identity is not naff. Gorki's Zygotic Mynki ...

... sore throat and it ached me to swallow. Besides, I was constantly sneezing and coughing. It turned out that I was running a high temperature. The doctor examined my throat, sounded my heart and lungs, had my blood pressure tested. She said it was flu and prescribed some pills and mixture - I ...

... notes) was used in a lottery. Men drawing a women’s name would either seek or were guaranteed that woman’s favors. Saint Valentine’s Day The legend of St. Valentine stems from real-life martyrs from the Roman Empire known as Valentines. It is unsure who was the St. Valentine, ...

... different. For example it York University there is a choice between program you can graduate from, you can go to Administrative studies and graduate with bachelor in administrative studies or go to computer science or something else. In order to graduate from BAS all students have to take certain ...

... turned to fire sphere at once. The machines were palpable shuddered. In 1969 the South African Republic destroyers got the command to attack the flying object which had invaded on the air wideness of the country. It was the plate-former object with the brightly gleaming windows, as described it ...

... kurjuse, tormi- ja sхjajumalalt Setilt. ,,Gilgameši eepose" jдrel on teiseks ьlesmдrgitud unenдoks arvatavasti Egiptuse printsi Thutmos IV uni u. 1450 a.e.Kr. Olles Sfinksi juurde jalutanud, heitnud prints magama. Edasi seisab kivitahvlil hieroglььfkirjas jдrgmist: ,,Momendil, mil Pдike ...

... of the USA Aries Ingress Explore the view of the spring planet placements in another perspective - on the map of the USA. Each line represents a planet on an angle of the ingress chart and, in turn, a weather indication for the area it flows through. Notice the Saturn, Venus lines on the ...

... man, stepping on the American land, and that day, when it was happend, the 12th of October, became the holiday, which is called Columbus Day. This holiday is celebrated in 34 States of the USA and Puerto Rico. There are parades and parties in San Francisco and New York. One of the squares of ...

... ’s ability to behave him/herself, as he or she would do in everyday life. We evaluate their performance. To conclude we will repeat that there are different types testing used in the language teaching: discreet point and integrative testing, direct and indirect testing, etc. All of them are vital ...

... ecological tourism and Krasnodar territory is the very place to develop it in. I think shop-tourism and business travelling cannot be added to the list of types of holiday, for they are related to work. No less important criterion in this classification is how a holiday can be organized. It may ...

... ' effort efficiently; Reporting - reports for superiors; Budgeting - Preparing and executing budgets. Analysis of two stands An often repeated criticism of the scientific management approach is that it overemphasised productivity and underemphasised human nature. This criticism is well ...

... consideration while forming new terms and solving the question of preference to one of the available term-synonyms. The correct translation of political literature is a laborious work despite the terms’ considerable possession of definite semantic clearness and independence in usage. While ...

... . Step by step the Mexican cuisine was winning its ever increasing popularity, and the Latin American - Indian cooks were adapting their traditional meals to the European palate and the European-origin ingredients. The Mexican cuisine is characterized with the ingredients and dishes that have ...

ой мебели и оружия, картин и гобеленов. Строивший замок магнат мечтал не только воздвигнуть памятник (в чем он, действительно, преуспел), но и создать "родовое гнездо" для поколений и поколений своих потомков. Однако замок начал быстро разорять своих владельцев – такой высокий налог ...

... walls for appliances. Sport. Almost everyone likes sports. Next to the weather people probably talk more about sports than about any other topic. There is no doubt that sport holds an important part in our life. It helps people to keep fit to become stronger & developed physically. It ...

... much less profitable for firms than the one in which they share the monopolistic profit. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the case of the possibility of collusion between firms in order to reach the monopolistic profits for the industry, assuming that they do not co-operate with each other. ...

... colossal wealth, Britain became the “world’s banker”. V.        Today England is one of the leading countries in the world. Its main branches of industry are those working for export; such as chemical, artificial silk, motor-car, electronic equipment, etc. The ...

... , at any rate in principle: a clear recognition, again imperceptibly accepted by men of all parties, that the entire population, and not merely a privileged minority, were entitled to some educa­tion beyond 'the three R's'. It was less fortunate that the new system of a break at 'eleven plus' ...

... question rather than to give the right answer to the wrong one”(6). II. The Principe of the evolution according to Alvin Toffler The book consists of two major parts where the author describes the first two waves that the human society came through and also the third wave. It is the wave ...

... houses in the cities look pretty much alike. Of the towns Raphael says, "When you've seen one of them, you've seen them all." (Thomas More, Utopia, tr. Paul Turner, London, Penguin, 1965, p.71) The Utopians change houses by lot every ten years just so they won't get too attached to any ...

... from height. You can walk on its surface in every direction – as you made it on Earth. The beauty of marsian hills and mountains really delights. There is nothing like that contrast between orange sand and beautiful blue sky or transparent clear water in seas and lakes – people had to melt some of ...

... of men scattered over no fewer than 20 shires. Note the predominance of archers. The contemporary Paston letters give a good idea of the value of the longbowman during the Wars of the Roses. When Sir John Paston was about to depart for Calais, he asked his brother to try to recruit four archers ...