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Classification and structure of the publicistic headlines
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1.2 Classification and structure of the publicistic headlines
The main function of the headline is to inform the reader briefly of what the news that follows is about. Sometimes headlines show the reporter’s or paper’s attitude of the fact reported. In most of the English and American newspapers sensational headlines are quite common. The function and the peculiar nature of English headlines determine the choice of language means used. [4, p.35] Headlines also contain emotionally colored words and phrases as the italicized words: ’Crazy waste of you? Syntactically headlines are very short sentences or phrases and have a variety of pattern.
A. Full declarative sentences.
B. Interrogative sentences.
C. Nominative sentences ‘Atlantic sea Traffic’.
D. Elliptical sentences ‘Off to the Sun ‘.
E. Sentences with articles omitted. (Articles are frequently omitted in all types of headline). ‘Frock man find gold in river ‘.
F. Complex sentences.
G. Headlines including direct speech.
The Headlines in English language newspapers can be very difficult to understand. One reason for this is that newspaper headlines are often written in a special style, which is very difficult from ordinary English. In this style there are special rules of grammar and words are often used in unusual ways.
a. Headlines are not always complete sentences. Many headlines consist of noun phrases with no verb.
- More wage cuts.
- Holiday Hotel Death.
b. Headlines often contain string of three, four or more nouns; nouns earlier in the string modify those that follow.
- Furniture factory pay cut row.
Headlines like these can be difficult to understand. It sometimes helps to read them backwards. Furniture Factory Pay Cut Row (disagreement) about a Cut (reduction) in Pay at a Factory that makes Furniture.
c. Headlines often leave out articles and the verb ‘be’.
- A woman walks on moon.
d. In headlines, simple tenses are often used instead of progressive or perfect forms. The simple present is used for both present and past events.
- Blind girl climbs Everest (=…has climbed…).
- Student fight for course changes (=…has fighting …).
The present progressive can be used, especially to talk about changes. Be is usually dropped.
- Britain getting warmer, say scientist.
- Trade figures improving.
e. Many headlines words are used as both nouns and verbs, and nouns are often used to modify other nouns. So it is not always easy to work out the structure of a sentence. Compare:
- We cuts aid to third world (= The Us reduced its help…cuts is a verb, aid is a noun).
- Aid Cuts Row (= There has been a disagreement about the reduction in aid. Aid and Cuts is both noun).
- Cuts Aid Rebels (= the reduction in aid is helping the revolutionaries. Cuts is a noun, Aid is a verb).
f. Headlines often use infinitives to refer to the future.
- PM to visit Australia.
- Hospitals to take fewer patients.
For is also used to refer to future movements or plants.
- TROOPS FOR GLASGOW? (= Are soldiers going to be sent to Glasgow?).
g. Auxiliary verbs are usually dropped from passive structures, leaving past participles.
- Murder Hunt: Man Held (=…a man is being held by police.)
- Six killed In Explosion (=Six people have been killed…).
Note that forms like held, attacked are usually part participles with passive meanings, not past tenses (which are rare are newspaper headlines). Compare:
- AID ROW: PRESTDENT ATTACTED (=…The President has attacked.)
- AID ROW: PRESTDENT ATTACTED CRITICS (=…The President has attacked her critics.)
- Boy Found Safe (= The missing boy had been found safe.)
- Boy Find Safe (= A boy has found a safe.)
h. A color is often used to separate the subject of a headline from what is said about it.
Strikes: PM to ACT.
Motorway crash: Death toll rises. Quotation marks (‘…’) are used to show that words were said by some else, and that the newspaper does not necessarily claim that they are time.
- Crash Driver ‘Had been drinking’
A question mark (?) is often used when something is not certain.
- Crisis over by September?
Short words save space, and so they are very common in newspaper headlines. Some of the short words in headlines are unusual in ordinary language (e.g. curb, meaning ’restrict’ or ‘restriction’), and some are used in special senses which they do not often have in ordinary language (e.g. big, meaning ‘attempt’). Other words are chosen not because they are short, but because they sound dramatic (e.g. blare, which means ‘big fire’, and is used in headlines to refer to any fire). The following is a list of common headline vocabulary.
Act - take action: do something.
-Foot Crisis: Government to act.
Aid – military or financial help: to help
-More aid for poor countries.
-Unions aid hospital strikers.
Alert – alarm, warning.
-Flood alert on east coast.
Allege – make on accusation.
- Woman alleges unfair treatment.
Appears – appear in court accused of a crime.
- MP to appear on drugs charges.
Axe – abolish, close down: abolition, closure.
- Country bus services axed.
- Small schools face axe.
Knowledge as to the usage of the pun’s mechanisms in publicity lead to better understanding of the specificity of English press and may be used in the theory of translation or during the creation of newspaper or advertisement headline with the help of a pun.
The headline (the title given to a news item or article) is a dependent form of newspaper writing. It is in fact a part of a larger whole. The specific functional and linguistic features of the headline provide sufficient ground for isolating and analyzing it as a specific “genre” of journalism. The main function of the headline is to inform the reader briefly what the text that follows is about. But apart from its, headlines often contain elements of appraisal i.e. they show the reporter’s or the paper’s attitude to the facts reported or commented on, thus also performing the function of instructing the reader.
English headlines are short and catching; they “compact the gist of news stories into a few eye-snaring words. A skillfully turned out headlines tells a story, or enough of it, to arouse or satisfy the reader’s curiosity.”
Such group headlines are almost a summary of the information contained in the news item or article.
The functions and the peculiar nature of English headlines predetermine the choice of the language means used. The vocabulary groups considered in the analysis of brief news items are commonly found in headlines.
An excellent way for a more advanced learner to increase their English proficiency is to read an English-language newspaper on a regular basis. Most people who read a newspaper do so selectively and skim though the pages looking for the most interesting-looking articles to read first. They usually make their choice on the basis of the headlines of the articles. And this is where the difficulty for the non-native speaker of English arises, since newspaper headlines are often extremely difficult to understand. There are two main reasons for this. The first reason is that newspaper headlines have to be brief and consequently use words that are rarely used in everyday speech or indeed in the rest of the article itself. (Probe for investigation, blast for explosion etc.) And the second reason is that headline writers, at least in British newspapers, look for every opportunity to include a pun in their headlines. It is the main aspect of newspaper headlines that we want to concentrate on in this work.
All the headlines of all types (primary or page headlines, secondary or paper headlines, paper subsection headlines, leads and captions) of the local daily called Kauno diena) is emotionally destructive and people should be aware of this in order to diminish its emotional impact.
By the basic functions of newspaper titles nominativna, informing, communicative, and also pragmatic or attraktivna, that will realize the action of text, his having a special purpose orientation. Exactly some researchers consider this function basic, as setting of title consists above all things in bringing in of attention to the article, in creation of stimulus for its reading, which is often achieved by the use of the system of expressive means of languages, among which an important place is taken a play on words.
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